By Dr Ohn Myint (World Bank )

1-What is Floodplain by Design

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2- A New Type Of River Management Is Coming

3-How “ levee wars “ are making floods

Notes on Flood Water Management Projects

Dr. Ohn Myint

Background:

The fundamental questions that we often tend to forget about asking is why people tends to live and make developments near water bodies though we know very little about water can bring benefits and harms in both ways. There are several reasons why populations tend to grow near water:

1. Availability of water for drinking and agriculture: Access to fresh water is essential for human survival, and settlements tend to develop where water is readily available. This is especially true in arid regions where water is scarce, and populations tend to concentrate near oases, rivers, and lakes.

2. Transportation: Historically, waterways such as rivers, lakes, and oceans were important modes of transportation, and settlements tended to develop near waterways to facilitate the movement of people and goods.

3. Trade: Waterways have also been important for trade, with settlements near waterways serving as trading centers and ports for the exchange of goods.

4. Recreation and aesthetics: Water bodies such as lakes, rivers, and beaches provide recreational opportunities for swimming, boating, and fishing, and also serve as scenic areas for relaxation and enjoyment.

5. Climate: Water bodies can also moderate local climate, making temperatures milder and more pleasant. For example, coastal areas tend to have cooler summers and milder winters than inland areas, which can be a draw for settlement.

In summary, the availability of fresh water for drinking and agriculture, transportation, trade, recreation, aesthetics, and climate are all factors that can contribute to the growth of populations near water. These factors have played a significant role in the development and expansion of human settlements throughout history especially near rivers.

River Flooding and Climate Change effects on it?

Rivers are fed by rain and snow falls, in general called precipitations. Precipitations varies according to seasons and climate. Thus, wet, and dry seasons occur. Flooding happens in wet season and drought happens in dry season. Extreme floods and droughts are not likened by people. Extreme floods and droughts can happen during the period of human life cycle. If any of this happens more often than usual the people tends to think that there is a change of climate. The frequency of change has been calculated and forecasted in the form of probability and possibility.

River flooding occurs when a river’s water level rises and spills over its banks, causing damage to surrounding areas. Climate change can affect river flooding in several ways:

1. Extreme precipitation: Climate change is causing more frequent and intense precipitation events, which can lead to increased river flooding. As the climate warms, the atmosphere can hold more moisture, leading to heavier rain and snowfall.

2. Sea-level rise: Climate change is causing sea levels to rise, which can increase the likelihood of river flooding. When sea levels rise, it can cause rivers to back up and flood surrounding areas.

3. Changes in snowmelt: Climate change can alter the timing and amount of snowmelt, which can affect river flooding. In regions where snowmelt contributes to river flow, earlier melting can lead to more water in the rivers during the spring and increased flooding.

4. Changes in vegetation: Climate change can affect the types and distribution of vegetation in river basins, which can affect river flooding. Vegetation plays an important role in regulating the water cycle, and changes in vegetation can affect the amount of water that is absorbed or runs off into rivers.

The effects of climate change on river flooding can be particularly severe in areas that are already vulnerable to flooding, such as low-lying coastal areas and floodplains. River flooding can lead to damage to infrastructure, loss of property, and loss of life, and the effects can be particularly devastating for low-income and marginalized communities.

To mitigate the impacts of climate change on river flooding, it is important to take measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and limit global warming. In addition, strategies such as improved floodplain management, better forecasting and warning systems, and infrastructure improvements such as levees and flood walls can help to reduce the risks of river flooding.

Many structural and nonstructural methods are used now in the world making use of the Engineering and Scientific knowledges. Some commonly use methods are discussed below.

Dry Polders & Retention or Storage Reservoirs

Both dry polders and retention reservoirs can be effective tools for flood control, but their effectiveness may depend on the specific conditions of the area where they are being implemented or in existence.

A dry polder is an area of land that can be flooded during high-water events and is designed to store excess water and reduce downstream flood risk. A dry polder does not always hold water, as it remains dry most of the time and only fills up during high-water events. The effectiveness of a dry polder for flood control depends on the size and design of the polder, as well as the frequency and intensity of high-water events.

A retention reservoir, on the other hand, is a permanent body of water that is designed to store excess water during high-water events and release it at a controlled rate to prevent downstream flooding. The effectiveness of a retention reservoir for flood control depends on the size and design of the reservoir, as well as the inflow and outflow rates, and the frequency and intensity of high-water events.

In terms of effectiveness, a retention reservoir may provide more consistent flood control than a dry polder, as it is designed to hold water permanently and can be managed more effectively. However, retention reservoirs can be expensive to build and maintain, and they may have risks in terms of negative environmental impacts such as altering the natural flow of rivers and affecting ecosystems.

A dry polder can be a cost-effective solution for flood control, especially in areas with low-frequency, high-intensity flooding events. Dry polders can also provide other benefits, such as enhancing groundwater recharge and providing recreational opportunities. However, they may be less effective in areas with frequent flooding events or high groundwater levels.

Overall, the choice between a dry polder or retention reservoir for flood control depends on various factors, including the specific characteristics of the area, the frequency and intensity of high-water events, and the available resources for construction and maintenance. In some cases, a combination of both strategies may be the most effective solution for flood control.

Use of Barrages and Overflow Weirs in Flood Control

Barrages and overflow weirs are two commonly used structures in some cases for flood control. Both structures are designed to manage and control water flow in rivers, streams, and other water bodies, especially during periods of high water or flood events. However, they have the limited potential of water storage capacity compared to storage reservoirs. While the Barrages are more flexible in use for regulation of the water level in the river than the overflow weir, both nature of structures call for upstream backwater zone protection by embankments and afflux bunds.

Barrages are large concrete or earthen dams that are constructed across a river or waterway to regulate the flow of water. They typically have gates or valves that can be opened or closed to control the amount of water that passes through. During times of high water or flooding, the gates can be closed to reduce the amount of water flowing downstream and help prevent further flooding. Barrages can also be used to store water for later use or release water during dry periods.

Overflow weirs are structures built on a river or stream that allow excess water to flow over the top of the structure and into an adjacent basin or channel. These structures are typically made of concrete or stone and are designed to handle large volumes of water. During times of high water, the weir allows excess water to bypass the main channel and flow into the adjacent basin or channel, reducing the risk of flooding downstream. In some cases, overflow weirs can be combined with barrages to provide even greater control over water flow.

Both barrages and overflow weirs are important tools for managing water resources and controlling flooding. However, it is important to design and manage these structures carefully to ensure that they do not have negative impacts on the environment or downstream communities. Proper maintenance, monitoring, and management of these structures is essential to ensure that they continue to function effectively and provide the intended benefits.

Collapsible metallic gates setup on the riverbanks for flood control

Collapsible metallic gates are a type of flood control measure that can be used on riverbanks to help prevent flooding. It is similar but more effective than putting sand bags as barriers from flood on the banks. Inflated rubber air balloons and bags are also used in some cases. These gates are typically made of metal and are designed to be installed across a river or waterway in areas that are prone to flooding. They are designed to be quickly and easily erected and dismantled when necessary. It is commonly used in some European rivers.

The gates are usually installed on the riverbanks and are supported by metal posts or concrete pillars. When flooding is expected, the gates can be quickly deployed to create a barrier that prevents water from flowing into areas that are at risk of flooding. The gates are typically designed to be adjustable, allowing them to be raised or lowered to control the flow of water.

Collapsible metallic gates can be an effective flood control measure, but they require careful planning and design to be effective. Factors such as the strength of the river flow, the size and shape of the river channel, and the location and frequency of flooding events must be taken into consideration when designing and installing these gates.

It is also important to ensure that the gates do not have negative impacts on the environment or downstream communities. For example, the gates may alter the flow of sediment and nutrients in the river, which could have negative effects on aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, careful monitoring and management of the gates is necessary to ensure that they are used in a way that is safe and sustainable.

Wetland Preservation and Creation in flood control

In most of the countries, there are natural depressions of ground forming as wetlands and water logging areas in land and along the rivers (like old Ox-bow lakes in some cases). Or some wet lands are created by man. They are by nature shallow in depth compared to its wide water spreads. Wetlands can play an important role in flood control by providing temporary storage for excess water during high-water events. When wetlands are allowed to function naturally, they can absorb, retain, and slowly release water, which can reduce downstream flood risk.

The principle of using wetlands for flood control is to restore or create wetland ecosystems that can function as natural water storage areas. This can involve restoring wetlands that have been degraded or destroyed, or creating new wetlands in areas that are prone to flooding. By doing this, wetlands can be used to temporarily store water during high-water events, which can help to reduce the amount of water that flows downstream and lower the risk of flooding.

Wetlands also have ecological benefits that can help to support biodiversity and provide valuable ecosystem services. Wetlands are home to a diverse array of plant and animal species, many of which are adapted to the unique wetland habitat. Wetlands can also help to improve water quality by filtering pollutants, and they can support recreational activities such as bird watching, fishing, and hiking.

In addition to their natural flood control and ecological benefits, wetlands can also provide other benefits for human communities. For example, wetlands can help to recharge groundwater, provide habitat for pollinators, and serve as natural carbon sinks. Wetlands can also help to reduce erosion and protect shorelines from storm surges and sea level rise. In summary, the principle of using wetlands for flood control involves restoring or creating wetland ecosystems that can function as natural water storage areas. This can help to reduce downstream flood risk while also providing valuable ecological benefits and other benefits for human communities.

Wetlands can be used for flood control while also supporting fisheries and providing other benefits for human communities. The integration of wetland development and fisheries management can create a sustainable and resilient system that can support both flood control and economic development.

Wetlands can provide critical habitat for fish and other aquatic species, and they can serve as important breeding and feeding grounds. By protecting and restoring wetlands, we can support fish populations and help to maintain healthy and productive fisheries. Wetlands can also help to regulate water temperature and water quality, which can further support fish habitat and health.

In addition to supporting fisheries, wetlands can also provide other economic benefits for human communities. For example, wetlands can support ecotourism and recreational fishing, which can provide jobs and economic development opportunities. Wetlands can also provide other ecosystem services, such as carbon sequestration and water filtration, which can support agriculture and other industries.

The integration of wetland development and fisheries management requires careful planning and coordination. This may involve engaging with local communities, fishermen, and other stakeholders to identify their needs and priorities. It may also involve working with government agencies, NGOs, and other partners to develop policies and programs that support sustainable and integrated wetland and fisheries management.

Overall, the integrated usage of wetlands and fisheries in flood control can provide a range of benefits for human communities and the environment. By supporting healthy fisheries and resilient wetland systems, we can create a more sustainable and prosperous future.

Successful Examples of Wetland in the World:

There are many successful examples of wetland development and restoration projects around the world. Here are a few examples:

1. The Everglades in Florida, USA: The Everglades is a large wetland system that has been heavily impacted by human development and water management practices. In recent years, efforts have been made to restore the wetland to its natural state by increasing water flow and removing invasive species. The restoration has helped to improve water quality, reduce the risk of flooding, and support the health of the ecosystem.

2. The Wadden Sea in Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands: The Wadden Sea is a unique wetland system that supports a diverse array of plant and animal species, including many migratory birds. In recent years, efforts have been made to protect and restore the wetland through the creation of protected areas and the reduction of human impacts. These efforts have helped to support the ecological health of the wetland while also supporting sustainable tourism and recreation.

3. The Mekong River Basin in Southeast Asia: The Mekong River Basin is a large wetland system that supports a variety of fish species, including many that are economically important. In recent years, efforts have been made to protect and restore the wetland through the creation of protected areas and the reduction of human impacts. These efforts have helped to support the health of fish populations and maintain the ecological integrity of the wetland.

4. The Fens in the United Kingdom: The Fens is a large wetland system in eastern England that has been heavily impacted by human development and drainage practices. In recent years, efforts have been made to restore the wetland to its natural state by increasing water flow and reintroducing native species. The restoration has helped to improve water quality, reduce the risk of flooding, and support the ecological health of the wetland.

5. The Yellow River Delta in China: The Yellow River Delta is a large wetland system that supports a variety of plant and animal species, including many that are economically important. In recent years, efforts have been made to protect and restore the wetland through the creation of protected areas and the reduction of human impacts. These efforts have helped to support the health of the ecosystem while also supporting sustainable agriculture and aquaculture.

These are just a few examples of wetland development and restoration projects around the world. Many more successful projects exist, and they demonstrate the value and importance of wetlands for supporting biodiversity, flood control, and sustainable development.

Poland and Wetland development:

The best area to develop wetlands in Poland depends on several factors, including the type of wetland being developed, the current state of the wetland ecosystem, and the local climate and hydrology.

Poland has a variety of wetland types, including bogs, fens, marshes, and swamps. Each of these wetland types has different ecological requirements and supports different plant and animal species.

In general, areas that have been historically wetlands or have existing wetland features, such as water sources or waterlogged soils, may be good candidates for wetland development. However, it is important to carefully assess the potential impacts of wetland development on existing ecosystems, including the potential displacement of native species or disruption of hydrological cycles.

The selection of a suitable area for wetland development should be based on a thorough ecological assessment of the site, taking into consideration factors such as soil type, water availability and quality, and the surrounding landscape. Local experts in wetland ecology and management, such as government agencies, conservation organizations, or academic institutions, can provide valuable guidance and expertise in identifying suitable areas for wetland development in Poland.

The Oder River and Vistula River are two of the major rivers in Poland, and both have significant wetlands associated with them.

The Oder River, which flows through western Poland, forms an important part of the Odra Delta Wetlands, a large and ecologically diverse wetland system that includes floodplains, marshes, and meadows. The wetlands of the Odra Delta provide important habitat for a wide range of plant and animal species, including many rare and endangered species such as the aquatic warbler and the corncrake. The wetlands also provide important ecosystem services, such as flood control and water purification, and support local economies through agriculture, forestry, and ecotourism.

The Vistula River, which is the longest river in Poland, also has significant wetlands associated with it. The Vistula River Delta is a large and complex wetland system that includes river channels, marshes, reed beds, and floodplains. The delta is an important breeding and nesting area for many bird species, including white-tailed eagles, and also supports a wide range of fish and invertebrate species. The wetlands of the Vistula River Delta provide important ecosystem services, such as flood control and water purification, and support local economies through agriculture, fisheries, and tourism.

Both the wetlands associated with the Oder River and Vistula River are important natural resources and should be managed and conserved carefully to maintain their ecological integrity and support the communities that depend on them.

Storage Reservoirs Aspects in Poland

(i) The Kamieniec Ząbkowicki reservoir is a proposed multifunctional water reservoir that is currently under construction in Poland? The reservoir will be located on the Nysa Kłodzka River, in the Sudetes Mountains in the southwestern part of the country.

The Kamieniec Ząbkowicki reservoir is intended to serve a number of functions, including flood control, water storage for agricultural and municipal use, hydroelectric power generation, and recreation. The reservoir is expected to have a storage capacity of 32 million cubic meters and a surface area of about 2.5 square kilometers.

The construction of the Kamieniec Ząbkowicki reservoir has been controversial, with some environmental groups and local residents expressing concern about the potential impacts on the local ecology, including the loss of wetlands and the displacement of wildlife. Additionally, there have been concerns about the potential impact of the reservoir on cultural heritage sites, including a historic palace and park.

Proponents of the project argue that the reservoir will provide important benefits to the local community, including flood protection, water security, and new economic opportunities. They also note that the project has undergone extensive environmental impact assessments and has been modified to minimize potential negative impacts.

As with any large-scale infrastructure project, the construction of the Kamieniec Ząbkowicki reservoir involves a complex set of trade-offs between competing priorities, including economic development, environmental conservation, and cultural preservation. Careful planning, stakeholder engagement, and ongoing monitoring will be important to ensure that the project achieves its intended goals while minimizing negative impacts on the surrounding ecosystem and local communities.

There are, however, many reservoirs and other large water storage facilities throughout Poland, some of which serve important functions such as flood control, water supply for municipalities and industries, hydroelectric power generation, and recreation. These facilities include the Solina Reservoir, the Włocławek Reservoir, the Zegrze Reservoir, and many others.

(ii) Reservoir Kąty – Myscowa The study on this reservoir is complete to a level of draft feasibility but cost and benefit updating including ESMP need to be done. From the current level of study, the following multi-purpose benefits are foreseen in the project.

(a). “Dry Flow Regulation”. “Like other Carpathian tributaries of the Vistula River, the Wisłoka River is characterized by very highly varied flow fluctuations, as evident from prolonged drought periods with low water levels, and severe floods during high stage of flow.” The current issues of drought in low flows and floods by high flows to downstream can be mitigated only by mean of a the moderation by a capacious reservoir on the river upstream. By mean of the reregulation Guaranteed minimum flow rate increase 1% (from 0.061 to 2.25 m3/s in the driest month). At the time of the mission visit, the flow in the river (in December 2022) is almost zero.

(b). “Flood Regulation Storage”: From the flow rate, the mean annual flow rate is 4.23 m3/sec which means the average annual flow volume is about 133.5 million m3 of which the designed reservoir operating flow storage is used for 39 million m3 and the maximum operating storage capacity for a flood period in the reservoir surcharge is 67 million m3. In other words, the reservoir is quite sizable for utilization of the available resources (even though there may be some moderately capacious for long-term nature), as well as flood regulation capacity (28 million m3 set aside for flood regulation), about 21% of the average annual flow volume. Consequently, that will reduce the 100 year flood flow of the river from 384 m3/sec to 86m3/sec (by about 78% reduction).

©. Water Supply Benefit to Downstream towns: Within the limited storage capacity of the Katy Myscowa reservoir, the project report states that the guaranteed flow of 2.25 m3/s will alter the low water period flow by a maximum margin of 2.18 m3/s (see para 1). The water supply to downstream analysis showed that there will have water supply amount increase from 1.5 to 3 times over their current level of the river flow to the beneficiary zone of the Reservoir Water Supply to towns, which includes, among others: Jasło, Krosno, Dębica, Mielec, Jedlicze, Strzyżów, and Rzeszów, all of which are industrialized growing cities in Poland.

(d). Flood Protection benefits: As shown in the above on the maximum flow rate and the flood holding capacity of the Reservoir, the Katy Myscowa Reservoir will have a flood holding capacity of about 28 million m3 (about 42% of the Reservoir) which will effectively reduce of 5000-year return period flood level by about 30-50 cm. downstream. At the same time the conceptual design report’s reservoir operation rule stated that the downstream release flood can be held within 86 m3/sec up to a 100-year return period flood to the downstream. The reduction effect in the reservoir will decrease the flood water level of a centenary flood by 1-2 m on the section between the reservoir and the 131st km stretch; and further downstream by less and less as the other tributaries flow in. This is the Second most important downstream Flood Protection. The report also stated that Losses at some extreme flooding in 2014 like major floods ranged from 600 -5000 x103 PLN, with an average of 2500×103 PLN.

(e).Hydropower benefits: The Katy-Myscowa Reservoir will produce incidental hydropower from its built-in Hydropower station according to the conceptual design. The Third Objective is the production of Incidental Hydropower. The total installed capacity according to the updated power plant concept N = 2 x 500 kW; mean power production capacity 430 kW (mean annual generated power will be about 3,900 MWh).

(iii) The Oleśniki Reservoir is a water storage facility located in southwestern Poland, near the town of Oleśniki. The reservoir was created by building a dam on the Oława River, which is a tributary of the Odra River. The reservoir has a storage capacity of approximately 1.8 million cubic meters and a surface area of about 27 hectares.

The Oleśniki reservoir serves several functions, including flood control, water supply for municipal and industrial use, and recreational activities such as fishing and boating. The reservoir is also an important source of drinking water for the nearby city of Wrocław, which has a population of over 600,000 people.

The construction of the Oleśniki reservoir was completed in the 1970s??, and since then it has played an important role in the water management infrastructure of the region. The reservoir has helped to reduce the risk of flooding in the area, which has been a significant problem in the past. The water stored in the reservoir is also used to support agriculture and industry, and to maintain the flow of the Oława River during dry periods.

Like many water storage facilities, the Oleśniki reservoir has had some environmental impacts, such as changes in water quality and habitat loss for some aquatic species. However, efforts have been made to minimize these impacts, including the installation of fish ladders to allow fish to migrate upstream and the development of artificial habitats for wildlife.

Overall, the Oleśniki reservoir is an important piece of infrastructure that provides a range of economic, social, and environmental benefits for the region.

Existing Larger Reservoirs in Poland:

Poland has several large storage reservoirs, some of which are listed below:

1. Włocławek Reservoir: This is the largest reservoir in Poland, with a storage capacity of over 1.7 billion cubic meters. It is located on the Vistula River, about 120 km northwest of Warsaw, and serves several functions including flood control, navigation, irrigation, and hydroelectric power generation.

2. Solina Reservoir: This is the second largest reservoir in Poland, with a storage capacity of over 800 million cubic meters. It is located on the San River, in the Bieszczady Mountains in southeastern Poland, and serves several functions including flood control, water supply, and tourism.

3. Zegrze Reservoir: This is the third largest reservoir in Poland, with a storage capacity of over 350 million cubic meters. It is located on the Narew River, about 20 km north of Warsaw, and serves several functions including flood control, water supply, and recreation.

4. Żarnowiec Reservoir: This is a large reservoir under construction on the Łeba River, in northern Poland, with a planned storage capacity of over 300 million cubic meters. Once completed, it will serve several functions including flood control, water supply, and nuclear power generation.

5. Sulejow Reservoir: This is a large reservoir on the Pilica River, in central Poland, with a storage capacity of over 150 million cubic meters. It serves several functions including flood control, water supply, and hydroelectric power generation.

These reservoirs are all important pieces of infrastructure in Poland, providing a range of economic, social, and environmental benefits for the country and its people.

The Siarzewo Water Barrage is a water management facility located in north-central Poland, on the Warta River, a major tributary of the Odra River. The barrage was constructed in the 1960s and is designed to regulate the flow of the Warta River, which has been prone to flooding in the past.

The Siarzewo Water Barrage is a multi-purpose facility that serves several functions, including flood control, navigation, and hydroelectric power generation. The barrage consists of a concrete dam that spans the river, and a series of locks that allow boats to navigate the river around the dam. The barrage has a total capacity of approximately 110 million cubic meters of water.

In addition to its primary functions, the Siarzewo Water Barrage also supports recreational activities such as fishing and boating. The reservoir created by the dam provides a habitat for fish and other aquatic species, and the surrounding area is a popular destination for tourists and locals alike.

One of the main benefits of the Siarzewo Water Barrage is its role in reducing the risk of flooding in the region. The Warta River has a long history of flooding, and the barrage has been effective in mitigating the impacts of these floods. The barrage also helps to maintain a steady flow of water in the river, which is important for agriculture and industry in the region.

Overall, the Siarzewo Water Barrage is an important piece of infrastructure that provides a range of economic, social, and environmental benefits for the region and the country as a whole.

The biggest navigation barrage on the Vistula River in Poland is the Włocławek Dam and Navigation Complex. It is located in the central part of the country, in the Kujawy-Pomerania region, and is an important piece of infrastructure for the Vistula River navigation system.

The Włocławek Dam and Navigation Complex consists of a concrete dam, a navigation lock, a fish ladder, and a hydroelectric power plant. The dam is approximately 2.5 kilometers long and has a maximum height of 15 meters. The navigation lock allows ships to pass through the dam and is one of the largest locks in Europe, with a length of 225 meters and a width of 34 meters.

The complex also includes a fish ladder, which provides a way for fish and other aquatic species to migrate upstream, and a hydroelectric power plant, which generates electricity from the flow of water through the dam.

The Włocławek Dam and Navigation Complex plays an important role in the transportation of goods and people along the Vistula River. The Vistula is a major transportation route in Poland, and the complex allows ships to pass through the dam and navigate up and down the river. The complex also supports the local economy by providing jobs and promoting trade and commerce.

In addition to its economic benefits, the Włocławek Dam and Navigation Complex also has environmental benefits. The fish ladder and other features of the complex help to maintain the ecological balance of the river, and the hydroelectric power plant provides a renewable source of energy.

Overall, the Włocławek Dam and Navigation Complex is a key piece of infrastructure in Poland, serving important economic, social, and environmental functions for the region and the country.

Poland Water Institutions:

The largest water management institution in Poland is the National Water Management Authority, or Krajowy Zarząd Gospodarki Wodnej (KZGW) in Polish. It is a central government agency responsible for managing and protecting the country’s water resources, including surface water, groundwater, and wetlands.

The National Water Management Authority is responsible for a wide range of activities, including:

• Developing and implementing national water management policies and strategies

• Regulating water use and issuing permits for water abstraction, discharge, and construction of water infrastructure

• Monitoring water quality and quantity, and conducting research on water resources

• Managing flood risk and coordinating emergency response to floods and other water-related disasters

• Developing and maintaining water infrastructure, such as dams, reservoirs, and levees

• Supporting the development of water-related industries, such as agriculture, hydropower, and tourism

The National Water Management Authority is a decentralized organization with regional offices and water management boards throughout Poland. It works closely with other government agencies, as well as local authorities, water user associations, and NGOs, to ensure effective and sustainable management of water resources in the country.

The National Water Management Authority plays a critical role in protecting Poland’s water resources and ensuring their sustainable use for the benefit of the country’s economy, environment, and people.

The Institution responsible for the flood and drought warning system in Poland is the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management – National Research Institute (IMGW-PIB) or Instytut Meteorologii i Gospodarki Wodnej – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy in Polish.

IMGW-PIB is a government agency responsible for monitoring and analyzing weather and hydrological data in Poland. It operates a nationwide network of monitoring stations that collect real-time data on precipitation, water levels, and other meteorological and hydrological variables. This data is then used to create weather forecasts and to issue warnings about potential flooding and droughts.

The flood and drought warning system in Poland is based on a three-level warning system, which includes:

1. Pre-warning – when the risk of a flood or drought is low, but the situation is being monitored closely.

2. First-level warning – when the risk of a flood or drought is moderate and there is a possibility of damage to property and infrastructure.

3. Second-level warning – when the risk of a flood or drought is high and there is a significant threat to human life and the environment.

IMGW-PIB issues warnings through a variety of channels, including the media, social media, and the government’s official website. It also provides advice on how to prepare for and respond to floods and droughts, and works closely with local authorities and emergency services to coordinate response efforts.

Overall, the flood and drought warning system in Poland is an important tool for protecting the country’s citizens and infrastructure from the risks posed by extreme weather events. IMGW-PIB plays a crucial role in this system by providing reliable and timely information to those who need it.

The weather forecasting network in Poland is operated by the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management – National Research Institute (IMGW-PIB), or Instytut Meteorologii i Gospodarki Wodnej – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy in Polish.

IMGW-PIB operates a nationwide network of weather monitoring stations that collect real-time data on atmospheric conditions, including temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction, and precipitation. This data is then used to create weather forecasts that are disseminated to the public through various channels, including the media, social media, and the government’s official website.

In addition to its network of monitoring stations, IMGW-PIB also operates a number of specialized services and products that provide more detailed and targeted weather information. These include:

• Aviation Weather Services – providing weather information to the aviation industry, including forecasts for takeoff and landing conditions, wind shear alerts, and turbulence forecasts.

• Agrometeorological Services – providing weather information to the agricultural sector, including forecasts for crop growth and development, soil moisture, and pest and disease outbreaks.

• Hydrological Services – providing information on water levels, flows, and quality, as well as flood and drought warnings.

• Climate Services – providing long-term climate data and analysis, including historical records, trend analysis, and climate change projections.

IMGW-PIB also works closely with other government agencies, local authorities, and emergency services to provide weather-related advice and support for a range of applications, including disaster management, emergency response, and public safety.

Overall, the weather forecasting network in Poland is a vital tool for protecting public safety, supporting economic activities, and ensuring the sustainable use of natural resources. IMGW-PIB plays a central role in operating and maintaining this network, providing reliable and accurate weather information to those who need it.

Large Dams in Poland

There are 84 large dams in Poland, according to data from the International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD) as of 2021. These dams are defined as structures with a height of at least 15 meters, or a reservoir capacity of at least 3 million cubic meters.

The largest dam in Poland is the Włocławek Dam, which is located on the Vistula River and has a height of 64 meters and a reservoir capacity of 1.44 billion cubic meters. Other notable dams in Poland include the Pilchowice Dam, the Zemborzyce Dam, and the Sulejów Dam.

These large dams serve a range of purposes, including hydroelectric power generation, water supply, flood control, irrigation, and recreation. They are also subject to regulation and oversight by the Chief Inspectorate of Environmental Protection (Główny Inspektorat Ochrony Środowiska, GIOŚ) to ensure their safety and environmental sustainability. Some of these large dams can be found feasible for use in additional flood control capability with some slight modification in their operation rules (especially during high flood season) or in some cases their surcharge storage capacity can be increased by temporary (by spillway gates) or permanent (by heightening) depending on their location, safety to accommodate additional surcharges of water storage. If all possible, the conducive flood control can be made possible with less investment costs.

The Dam Safety Organization in Poland is the Chief Inspectorate of Environmental Protection (Główny Inspektorat Ochrony Środowiska, GIOŚ), which is responsible for ensuring the safety and environmental protection of dams in Poland.

GIOŚ is a central government agency that operates under the Ministry of Climate and Environment. Its primary role is to oversee the implementation of environmental policies and regulations in Poland, with a focus on ensuring the protection of natural resources, including water resources.

In relation to dam safety, GIOŚ is responsible for regulating the construction, operation, and maintenance of dams, and for ensuring that they meet national and international safety standards. This includes conducting regular inspections of dams and their associated structures, as well as monitoring their performance and conducting risk assessments to identify potential hazards.

GIOŚ also works closely with other government agencies, dam owners, and local communities to develop emergency response plans and to coordinate responses in the event of a dam failure or other emergency. In addition, it provides advice and support on a range of dam-related issues, including design and construction, monitoring and maintenance, and risk management.

Overall, GIOŚ plays a critical role in ensuring the safety and environmental protection of dams in Poland, helping to protect communities, infrastructure, and natural resources from the risks posed by dams.

According to data from the United States Society on Dams, as of 2021, there are over 91,000 dams in the United States, including both large and small dams. Of these, approximately 8% are considered to be large dams, which are defined as structures with a height of at least 50 feet (15 meters) or a storage capacity of at least 5,000 acre-feet (6.2 million cubic meters). Based on this definition, there are over 7,000 large dams in the United States. These dams are used for a variety of purposes, including hydroelectric power generation, water supply, irrigation, flood control, navigation, and recreation. Some of the largest and most well-known dams in the United States include the Hoover Dam, the Grand Coulee Dam, the Glen Canyon Dam, and the Oroville Dam. These large dams are critical to the nation’s infrastructure and economy, but they also present significant challenges related to safety, environmental sustainability, and management of water.

How far can we regulate the flooding downstream by an upstream water storage reservoir?

Water storage reservoirs can be used to regulate the downstream flooding by controlling the flow of water released from the reservoir. The effectiveness of this regulation depends on several factors, including the size and capacity of the reservoir, the inflow of water to the reservoir, and the downstream water demand.

Water storage reservoirs can help to reduce downstream flooding by storing excess water during periods of high flow and releasing it gradually during periods of low flow. By releasing water in a controlled manner, the reservoir can help to maintain a more constant downstream flow and reduce the likelihood of flooding.

Many of the flood regulation reservoirs set aside 20-30 percent of their capacity for use in regulation of floods. The largest multipurpose reservoir in United States, the Oroville Reservoir has used 20% of its storage volume at the upper level for regulation of the floods. Effective use of regulation can be made in gated spillway dams than in the non-gated automatic spillway dams. Therefore, temporary, or permanent installations of the gates over the non-gated spillway dams could also be an option, provided that the flood surcharge storage of such dams and foundation are safe.

The degree to which a reservoir can regulate downstream flooding depends on several factors. For example, the size and capacity of the reservoir determine how much water can be stored and released. A larger reservoir can store more water, which means it can release water over a longer period and at a lower rate, helping to mitigate downstream flooding. From economic consideration, in some cases the combined form of upstream storage for flood and downstream river bank embankment can also be considered.

The inflow of water to the reservoir is also an important factor. During periods of high inflow, the reservoir can fill up quickly and may not be able to store all the excess water. This can limit the reservoir’s ability to regulate downstream flooding. Similarly, during periods of low inflow, the reservoir may not be able to release enough water to meet downstream demand, which can also limit its effectiveness in regulating downstream flooding.

Finally, the downstream water demand is also an important consideration. If the downstream demand for water is high, the reservoir may need to release water at a higher rate than is optimal for reducing flooding. In this case, other measures, such as floodplain zoning or building levees, may be needed to help reduce the risk of downstream flooding.

In summary, water storage reservoirs can be effective in regulating downstream flooding, but the degree of regulation depends on several factors, including the size and capacity of the reservoir, the inflow of water, and the downstream water demand. Proper design, operation, and management of the reservoir are critical to ensure its effectiveness in reducing downstream flooding.

Prediction of effectiveness on the variability of input sides (precipitations) and output sides (floods and droughts) are often times done by the use of man-make physical and mathematical models and simulate the behaviors of nature how it can influence on the natural regime. In that way the Physical and Mathematical Modeling gets into the solution for floods and droughts.

what is the difference between Physical and Mathematical Modeling?

Physical modeling and mathematical modeling are two different approaches used to describe and analyze systems or phenomena in various fields, such as engineering, physics, and biology. The main difference between physical modeling and mathematical modeling is in the way they represent and analyze the system.

Physical modeling involves creating a physical representation of the system or phenomenon being studied, often using scaled models or prototypes. This allows researchers to observe the behavior of the system in a controlled environment, test its functionality, and collect data on its performance. Physical models are often used in engineering and other applied sciences to test the feasibility of a design, simulate the performance of a product, or test a hypothesis. Physical models can be expensive and time-consuming to create, and they may have limitations due to the inability to precisely replicate all aspects of the real-world system.

Mathematical modeling, on the other hand, involves creating a set of equations or mathematical relationships that describe the behavior of the system or phenomenon being studied. These models are typically developed using mathematical concepts and techniques, such as calculus, statistics, and differential equations. Mathematical models can be used to make predictions about the behavior of the system, explore different scenarios, and test hypotheses. They are often faster and more cost-effective to develop than physical models, and they can incorporate a wide range of variables and parameters. However, mathematical models may be limited by the assumptions and simplifications made during their development, which may not accurately reflect the complexity of the real-world system.

In summary, physical modeling involves creating a physical representation of the system, while mathematical modeling involves creating a set of equations or mathematical relationships to describe the behavior of the system. Each approach has its strengths and weaknesses and may be more appropriate depending on the specific goals and constraints of the research project.

Are we freeing entirely from using equations in physical modeling?

No, equations are still a fundamental part of physical modeling, as they are used to describe the relationships between the variables that affect the behavior of the physical system. Physical modeling involves creating a physical representation of the system or phenomenon being studied, which can be used to observe the system’s behavior and collect data. However, to analyze and predict the system’s behavior, mathematical equations are typically developed to represent the underlying physics or mechanics of the system.

For example, in fluid dynamics, physical modeling can involve creating a scaled-down model of a pipe or channel, and using this model to observe the behavior of the fluid as it flows through the system. However, to understand and predict the behavior of the fluid in the real-world system, mathematical equations such as the Navier-Stokes equations must be used to represent the underlying physics of the fluid flow.

Similarly, in structural engineering, physical models can be used to test the behavior of a structure under various loads or conditions. However, to analyze and predict the behavior of the structure, mathematical equations such as the equations of elasticity must be used to represent the mechanics of the structure.

In summary, physical modeling and mathematical modeling are complementary approaches that are both used in physical sciences and engineering. While physical modeling allows us to observe the behavior of a system directly, mathematical modeling allows us to make predictions about the system’s behavior and to test hypotheses in a more rigorous and systematic way.

How reliable results can be obtained from both types of modeling?

The reliability of results obtained from physical modeling and mathematical modeling depends on the specific circumstances of the modeling and the quality of the data and assumptions used in the model.

In physical modeling, the reliability of results can be affected by various factors such as the accuracy of the physical model used, the quality of the data collected, and the representativeness of the model to the real-world system being studied. The physical model may have limitations due to the inability to precisely replicate all aspects of the real-world system. Additionally, the data collected from physical models may have measurement errors or other sources of uncertainty that can affect the reliability of the results.

In mathematical modeling, the reliability of results can be affected by the assumptions and simplifications made in the model, the accuracy of the input data used, and the appropriateness of the mathematical equations used to describe the system being modeled. Mathematical models can be more abstract and idealized representations of the real-world system, and the assumptions and simplifications made during their development may not accurately reflect the complexity of the system.

To ensure the reliability of results, both physical and mathematical models require careful design and validation. In physical modeling, the physical model should be carefully designed to ensure that it is representative of the real-world system being studied, and the data collected from the physical model should be carefully analyzed to identify and correct any sources of uncertainty. In mathematical modeling, the model should be carefully designed to accurately represent the underlying physics or mechanics of the system, and the input data used should be carefully validated to ensure accuracy. Additionally, sensitivity analyses and other validation techniques can be used to test the robustness and reliability of the model.

In summary, the reliability of results obtained from physical and mathematical modeling depends on various factors, including the accuracy of the model, the quality of the data used, and the appropriateness of the assumptions and simplifications made. Both types of modeling can provide reliable results when carefully designed and validated

Different methods of protection from the flooding (video animation) US examples

(330) What is Floodplains by Design? – YouTube (6 minutes)

“Make Rooms for Rivers” As Rivers don’t know cities’ limit and boundary (video animation)

(330) A new type of river management is coming! – YouTube (3.5 minutes)

Can heightening levees (embankments) save the cities from Flooding? Engineering vs Nature

(330) How “levee wars” are making floods worse – YouTube (6.47 minutes)